The map below grades each state on 11 labor policies. The grading system considers state laws, administrative codes, and regulations related to public sector collective bargaining. This approach goes beyond right-to-work status to reveal how each state protects the rights of individual workers, and shields taxpayers from overspending. For a full explanation of the grading rubric see the 3rd edition of our Grading State Public Sector Labor Laws report.
Download the full Grading Public Sector Labor Laws report here.
F
A+
Source: Analysis of State Statutes
*Public Sector collective bargaining is illegal in the state.
**Grade changed in 2017, 2019, or 2022. See Table 4 in the full report for details.
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Grade
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Are public sector strikes legal?
Right-to-Work
Can a public employer be required to collect membership dues?
Can a public employer be required to collect political money?
Is collective bargaining authorized in state law?
Is there a duty to bargain?
How unions are certified
Notable powers of exclusive representatives
Is union release time statutorily authorized?
Are membership opt-out windows statutorily authorized?
Do union members have a right to resign?
Are union contract negotiations open to the public?
Is binding arbitration required during collective bargaining impasses?
Statutory Reference
What grade did this state previously earn?
Government Union Political Spending, 2021–22
Top Recipient of Government Union Money, 2021–22 (amount)